Beyond conservation: Assessing broader development outcomes of protected areas in Nepal.

Protected Areas (PAs) are set aside for biodiversity conservation but at the same time they are recognized for their role in supporting development goals. However, the benefits provided by PAs also come with costs to local people. Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs) are a PA management approach that aim to maximize local benefits through enhancing conservation and development outcomes, while also reducing costs. We implemented a household level survey in two PAs in Nepal managed using an ICDP approach to assess local people's perceived benefits and costs and determine if this approach was achieving its intended outcomes. Since both PAs are popular nature-based tourism (NBT) destinations, respondents were asked questions specific to this activity and others more general to the PA. The coded qualitative responses revealed ten categories of benefits and twelve categories of costs. Most respondents perceived extraction benefits from PAs, and when asked to reflect specifically on NBT, they mostly identified economic benefits. Crop and livestock loss was the main perceived costs from PAs, whereas sociocultural costs were the main costs from NBT. Chi square tests showed that proximity to the PA office and residency status had the most significant differences in perceptions of benefits and costs from both PAs and NBT. People perceived very few benefits related to participation, cost mitigation, and conservation, which does not match the intended outcomes of ICDPs. Although there may be practical implications for engaging distant communities in management, this may help to enhance conservation and development outcomes from PAs.

Evaluation of cacao projects in Colombia: The case of the rural Productive Partnerships Project (PAAP).

Identifying the effectiveness of agricultural interventions is a challenge faced by many international aid initiatives. This article reports on our efforts to document the success of agricultural aid interventions. The study is focused on evaluating cacao projects in Colombia, specifically on assessing the success of the rural Productive Partnerships Project (PAAP). The two approaches used to assess the project's success included the degree of accomplishment of four of the PAAP project's objectives and a measurement of the project performance at the local level, for which an existing performance index was utilized. Quantitative data were obtained from the project's evaluation platform developed by the PAAP project coordinators. Based on our first evaluation approach, we found that the four project objectives evaluated were not fully accomplished. While our results using the performance index provide baseline data for upcoming work assessing cacao projects' performance, the absence of precedent information constrained its interpretation. Finally, the paper offers feasible, affordable, and practical recommendations that could benefit future program planning and evaluation of international aid interventions, particularly on cacao projects worldwide.

Changes in farmer animal health and biosecurity knowledge, attitudes and practices: Insights from Cambodia and Laos.

Livestock agriculture in Cambodia and Laos is severely affected by endemic and exotic transboundary animal diseases, impacting household livelihoods and food and nutritional security. Collaborative animal health and biosecurity projects were conducted in each country between 2015 and 2019 aimed at increasing smallholder livestock production through mainly knowledge-based interventions in large ruminant disease prevention, nutrition, reproduction and marketing access. This study's objectives were to identify baseline animal health and biosecurity knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of farmers, and temporal changes in key attitudes and practices associated with improved knowledge. Data for each country were analysed separately, and a formal between-country comparison was avoided due to major implementation and management differences. Binomial logistic regression without random terms compared the overall knowledge scores between 2015 and 2018 in each country, and binomial logistic regression with random terms was used to investigate possible associations between animal health and biosecurity knowledge scores and attitudes and practices. In Cambodia, the average animal health and biosecurity knowledge score increased from 4.8 (±2.2)/17 in 2015 to 13.0 (±2.8)/17 in 2018 (p < .0001). In Laos, the average scores improved from 7.2 (±2.5)/12 in 2015 to 7.9 (±2.9)/12 in 2018 (p = .0003). Clinical signs of foot-and-mouth disease were accurately reported by 100% of Cambodian and 88% of Lao project farmers, and overall, attitudes and practices improved in both countries over the study period. The belief that vaccination can improve livestock value was associated with increasing knowledge in both countries (Cambodia: OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.24-1.68, p < .0001; Laos: OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.16-1.75, p = .0006) as was the use of the services of village para-veterinarians if they had better training (Cambodia: OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.20-2.58, p = .004; Laos: OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.19-3.41, p = .009). However, the source of livestock information (District veterinary officials) was the only practice associated with knowledge in both Cambodia and Laos. The influence of resource scarcity on farmer decision making and knowledge measures was considered of particular relevance to the findings.

Domestic Violence Interventions in Social and Health Care Settings: Challenges of Temporary Projects and Short-Term Solutions.

Social welfare service and health care providers are in a key position to implement successful domestic violence (DV) interventions. However, it is known that DV intervention and prevention work is often lacking in coordination and continuity. In addition, the limited resources, hectic work pace, and changing practices negatively affect the development of successful ways to prevent and intervene in DV. This qualitative study involving 11 focus groups, composed of social welfare and health care professionals (n = 51) in a midsized Finnish hospital, examined the challenges and possibilities within DV interventions and the adoption of good practices produced by a DV intervention development project funded by the European Union (EU). The results show that short-term development projects, amid the pressure of limited time and resources, encounter serious challenges when applied to wicked and ignored problems, such as DV. Developing successful violence intervention practices requires a broad understanding of the challenges that rapid development projects present to professionals and social welfare service and health care practices at the organizational level. Hence, the implementation of good practices requires continuity in managerial and organizational support, distribution of information, documentation of DV, awareness raising, education, training, and agreement on basic tasks and responsibilities. Otherwise, the failure to continue development work derails the results of such work, and short project durations lead to unnecessary work and the need to reinvent temporary work practices time and again. Short-term interventions provide inefficient solutions to the problem of DV, and a built-in organizational structure can prevent the misuse of organizational and human resources.

Saúde, ciência e desenvolvimento: a emergência da leishmaniose tegumentar americana como desafio médico-sanitário no Amazonas / Health, science and development: the emergence of American cutaneous leishmaniasis as a medical and public health challenge in Amazonas state, Brazil

Resumo O artigo faz análise histórica da emergência da leishmaniose tegumentar americana como objeto do conhecimento e desafio médico-sanitário no Amazonas desde a década de 1970. Fornece visão geral dessa época, as medidas sanitárias e os estudos científicos realizados no contexto de implantação dos principais projetos de desenvolvimento regionais executados em nome da política de integração nacional do governo federal. Utiliza como metodologia a análise documental de leis, produção científica, relatórios de pesquisa, boletins epidemiológicos e jornais. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que a doença surgiu no Amazonas associando o grande problema de saúde com mudanças político-econômicas e alterações socioambientais.

Abstract The history of the emergence of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Brazilian state of Amazonas since the 1970s is analyzed as an object of knowledge and a medical and public health challenge. An overview of the period is provided, including the public health measures and scientific studies undertaken in the context of the execution of large-scale regional developments pursued in the name of national integration by the federal government. The methodology uses documental analysis of laws, the scientific literature, research reports, epidemiological bulletins, and newspapers. The results show that American cutaneous leishmaniasis emerged as a major health problem in Amazonas in close association with the political, economic, and socioenvironmental changes seen in the period.

Application of a life cycle assessment for assessing municipal solid waste management systems in Bolivia in an international cooperative framework.

Using a life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate municipal solid waste management (MSWM) systems is strongly recommended and the approach has been used in high-income contexts. However, stakeholders in low to middle income countries are not aware of the potential of this approach, mainly due to a lack of financial resources and technical ability. The present work introduces a LCA of MSWM system scenarios into a developing city using an academic licence for the LCA software that is available for use exclusively by researchers. The MSWM system in place in 2018 in La Paz (Bolivia) was assessed according to seven scenarios. The novelty of the research is twofold: the use of LCA academic licensing in a low to middle income region where LCA is unknown as planning tool; and discussing the potential of the approach in conjunction with local and international stakeholders with a view to starting MSWM projects. The results of the analysis allow for the consideration of energy recovery and materials recycling as the main methods by which the environmental impact of MSW can be reduced, as has also been reported by other LCA studies conducted with full licensing of the relevant software. Moreover, the research is the basis for cooperative development projects that will adopt the LCA approach as the main assessment tool. The study discusses the importance of cooperation between universities and local governments for implementing new strategies for MSWM assessment and planning. The research is a contribution towards improving technical knowledge in developing countries for boosting sustainable development.

Saúde dos rios, saúde dos povos e do planeta: um olhar sobre o documentário Saúde! Velho Chico, de Stella Oswaldo Cruz Penido e Eduardo Vilela Thielen / Health of the rivers, health of the peoples and of the Earth: an analysis of the documentary Saúde! Velho Chico, by Stella Oswaldo Cruz Penido e Eduardo Vilela Thielen / Salud de los ríos, salud de los pueblos y de lo planeta: una análisis del documental Saúde! Velho Chico, de Stella Oswaldo Cruz Penido y Eduardo Vilela Thielen

Análise do documentário Saúde! Velho Chico, de Stella Oswaldo Cruz Penido e Eduardo Vilela Thielen, tomando-o como registro, a um só tempo, dos padrões históricos de interação com o Rio São Francisco e de alternativas capazes de construir uma relação mais sinérgica e sustentável com as águas fluviais. O filme contrapõe as metanarrativas do desenvolvimento ­ legitimadoras de intervenções como hidrelétricas, barragens, projetos de irrigação para a agricultura industrial e o controverso projeto de sua transposição ­ a formas de relação estabelecidas pelas diversas populações ribeirinhas, das quais a vida, o corpo e as culturas são construídos em estreita simbiose com o rio.

This review analyzes the documentary Saúde! Velho Chico, scripted and directed by Stella Oswaldo Cruz Penido and Eduardo Vilela Thielen, taking it as a record of the historical patterns of interaction with the Rio São Francisco (São Francisco River) and at the same time of alternatives based on the building of more synergistic and sustainable relationships with river waters. In this sense, the film contrasts the metanarratives of development ­ which legitimize interventions such as hydroelectric dams, irrigation projects for industrial agriculture as well as the controversial transfer of the São Francisco River project ­ with relationships established by the riverside populations, who have a close symbiosis between their life, body and cultures and the river.

Análisis del documental Saúde! Velho Chico, con guión y dirección de Stella Oswaldo Cruz Penido y Eduardo Vilela Thielen, entendido como un registro, al mismo tiempo, de los patrones históricos de interacción con el Rio São Francisco (río San Francisco) y de alternativas capaces de construir una relación más sinérgica y sostenible con las aguas de los ríos. La película contrasta las metanarrativas del desarrollo ­ que legitiman intervenciones como represas hidroeléctricas, proyectos de riego para la agricultura industrial y el controvertido proyecto de transposición del río ­ con formas de relación establecidas por las diversas poblaciones ribereñas, que tienen la vida, el cuerpo y las culturas en estrecha simbiosis con el río.

Exploring the utility of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in ranking livelihood activities for effective and sustainable rural development interventions in developing countries.

It is commonly known that most development projects, especially in the global south, tend to achieve unintended results or fail because of lack of due diligence. Project satisfaction and sustainability would only be achieved if consistent with the actual needs of the people intended to benefit. Based on field experiences in the Fantekwa District of Eastern Ghana, this study aims to explore the utility of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in prioritizing livelihood activities to aid in effective and sustainable poverty reduction interventions in developing countries. Data from twenty five development stakeholders in the district were used for the assessment. The study demonstrates that with appropriate data, and systematically following all required processes, the AHP approach can effectively show where intervention is most needed. Application of AHP in the current context, the study argues, has the potential to address the issue of wrong development targeting with associated counterproductive and nonstarter outcomes.

Using offsets to mitigate environmental impacts of major projects: A stakeholder analysis.

Global patterns of development suggest that as more projects are initiated, business will need to find acceptable measures to conserve biodiversity. The application of environmental offsets allows firms to combine their economic interests with the environment and society. This article presents the results of a multi-stakeholder analysis related to the design of offsets principles, policies, and regulatory processes, using a large infrastructure projects context. The results indicate that business was primarily interested in using direct offsets and other compensatory measures, known internationally as indirect offsets, to acquit their environmental management obligations. In contrast, the environmental sector argued that highly principled and scientifically robust offsets programs should be implemented and maintained for enduring environmental protection. Stakeholder consensus stressed the importance of offsets registers with commensurate monitoring and enforcement. Our findings provide instructive insights into the countervailing views of offsets policy stakeholders.

Reframing the concept of alternative livelihoods.

Alternative livelihood project (ALP) is a widely used term for interventions that aim to reduce the prevalence of activities deemed to be environmentally damaging by substituting them with lower impact livelihood activities that provide at least equivalent benefits. ALPs are widely implemented in conservation, but in 2012, an International Union for Conservation of Nature resolution called for a critical review of such projects based on concern that their effectiveness was unproven. We focused on the conceptual design of ALPs by considering their underlying assumptions. We placed ALPs within a broad category of livelihood-focused interventions to better understand their role in conservation and their intended impacts. We dissected 3 flawed assumptions about ALPs based on the notions of substitution, the homogenous community, and impact scalability. Interventions based on flawed assumptions about people's needs, aspirations, and the factors that influence livelihood choice are unlikely to achieve conservation objectives. We therefore recommend use of a sustainable livelihoods approach to understand the role and function of environmentally damaging behaviors within livelihood strategies; differentiate between households in a community that have the greatest environmental impact and those most vulnerable to resource access restrictions to improve intervention targeting; and learn more about the social-ecological system within which household livelihood strategies are embedded. Rather than using livelihood-focused interventions as a direct behavior-change tool, it may be more appropriate to focus on either enhancing the existing livelihood strategies of those most vulnerable to conservation-imposed resource access restrictions or on use of livelihood-focused interventions that establish a clear link to conservation as a means of building good community relations. However, we recommend that the term ALP be replaced by the broader term livelihood-focused intervention. This avoids the implicit assumption that alternatives can fully substitute for natural resource-based livelihood activities.

'The land is now not fertile': social landscapes of hunger in south-eastern coastal Tanzania.

Based on ethnographic fieldwork in a coastal village in south-eastern Tanzania, this paper examines how social inequalities and social suffering become embodied in the lived experiences of hunger. The paper explores local meanings of food, fertility and hunger and how these concepts interconnect and materialize on a landscape impacted by two large-scale conservation and development projects, the Mtwara Development Corridor and the Mnazi Bay Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park. Fourteen in-depth interviews Sinde villagers were conducted to elicit narratives about their food experiences in addition to 24 hour food recall and pile sort to explore local taxonomies of food. One focus group discussion with six women was also conducted. The study finds displacement from resources by the conservation and development projects has exacerbated existing food security issues of irregular rains, increasing food prices and malnourished bodies. The downward cycle of food insecurity has local villagers worried about the viability of their community's future, embodied in the health of local children and their performance in school. Increasing food insecurity is internalized within the community as infertility where the health of the landscape is connected to the health of society.

Evaluación ambinntal estratégica para cuencas pioritarias de los andes Colombiianos: dilemas, desafíos y necesidades / Strategic Environmental Assessment for Priority Basins of the Colombian Andes: Dilemmas, Challenges and Necessities

En Colombia muchos ríos y otros sistemas acuáticos continentales, especialmente en la región Andina (la más poblada del país), sufren varios impactos antropogénicos relacionados con cambios en la cobertura vegetal y el uso y manejo del suelo, que comprometen su calidad y cantidad de agua, y el suministro de otros bienes y servicios ecosistémicos para el futuro. Es necesario que el gobierno colombiano formule nuevas y actualice las políticas, planes o programas, en consulta y cooperación constante con otras instituciones, autoridades civiles y ambientales, e investigadores del país (o del exterior), para alcanzar una corresponsabilidad sobre la gestión sostenible de los ríos en esta región. Esto permitiráimplementar una evaluación más integral de la cuenca y de otros aspectos ribereños, para el uso y manejo del agua dulce, en los actuales, o antes del inicio de nuevos proyectos de desarrollo. La toma de decisión sobre soluciones concertadas se debe integrar desde el nivel más bajo posible, e idealmente con participación de todos los grupos de interés, en un marco de evaluación ambiental estratégica (EAE). En este artículo se plantea una reflexión sobre cómo todos los colombianos y particularmente aquellos de la región Andina, pueden contribuir conjuntamente con el gobierno bajo la visión e implementación de una EAE, para lograr una gestión sostenible, eficaz e integrada, de las cuencas hidrográficas de dicha región y del país en general. Para apoyar la reflexión, se destacan algunos aspectos biofísicos y sociales relativos de la cuenca del río Coello en la zona central del país (departamento del Tolima).

In Colombia many rivers and other inland aquatic systems, especially into the Andean Region (the most populated of the country), suffer several anthropogenic impacts related to land use and land cover compromising their water quality and quantity, and the provision of other goods and ecosystem services for the future. It is imperative that the Colombian government may initiate new and updated policies, plans, programs in constant consultation and cooperation with other institutions, civilian and environmental authorities, and researchers from the country (or elsewhere), to obtain amply responsibility on the sustainable river management, especially in this region. Thus, a more integrative watershed river assessment and related riverine issues are necessaries for the current freshwater use and management, and before that new development projects going to start. Decision making regarding concerted solutions should be carried out at the lowest appropriate level, ideally involving all stakeholders into a strategic environmental assessment framework (SEA). This article discusses several issues about how all Colombians and mainly Andean people, can contribute by working together in partnerships with government under the vision and implementation of a SEA, towards a more effective and integrated sustainable management of river basins in the Andean Region and throughout country. This point-of-view is supported by a biophysical and social vision related to the Coello River Basin in Central Colombia (Department of Tolima).

Calidad de las tesis para obtener el título de médico cirujano, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco - Perú, 2000-2009 / Quality of theses for obtaining a medical degree. San Antonio Abad Cusco National University, Peru, 2000-2009

Introducción: El poco conocimiento en investigación de estudiantes de Medicina y el hecho de realizar sus tesis de pregrado en corto tiempo, pone en duda la calidad de las mismas. Objetivo: Determinar la calidad de las tesis para titularse de médico cirujano en la Universidad San Antonio Abad del Cusco (decenio 2000-2009) y evaluar su relación con algunos factores determinados. Material y Método: Estudio descriptivo y relacional. Universo: 284 tesis. Muestra aleatoria-estratificada: 172. Se recolectó la información transversal y retrospectivamente mediante un instrumento válido y confiable, evaluándose la calidad de las tesis (cumplimiento metodológico y pertinencia) y su relación con: año de sustentación, número de investigadores, diseño y área estudiada, utilizando el estadístico chi-cuadrado o alguna de sus correcciones. Resultados: Calidad de tesis: excelente (0%), aceptable (20,3%), no aceptable (79,7%). Se encontró que fue pertinente en 79,7%. Todas las secciones de una tesis, excepto el planteamiento del problema, resultaron "no aceptables" en su mayoría. Las deficiencias metodológicas principalmente fueron relacionadas con: estudio piloto (92,4%), referencias bibliográficas (77,9%), instrumento de medición (74,4%), unidad de estudio (68,6%) y operacionalización de variables (59,3%). No se halló relación al asociar variables, excepto al comparar la calidad de tesis en el bienio 2008-2009 respecto a años anteriores, con cierta mejoría (p-valor < 0,05). Conclusiones: Una de cada cinco tesis fue aceptable, siendo el planteamiento del problema de investigación la sección mejor desarrollada. Las tesis mejoraron su calidad en los dos últimos años del periodo evaluado.

Introduction: Poor knowledge on research shown by medical students, and the fact that they must complete their pre-graduate theses in a short time period, lead to doubts with respect to the quality of such research projects. Objective: To determine the quality of theses in order to obtain a medical degree in San Antonio Abad Cusco National University (from 2000 to 2009), and to establish if there is any factor influencing this. Materials and Method: This is a descriptive study using a relational model. The universe was 284 theses. The stratified and random simple included 172 theses. Data was retrospectively and cross-sectionally collected using a valid and reliable instrument, so their quality was assessed (methodology compliance and appropriateness), and we also reviewed the year theses were presented, the number of involved investigators, as well as the design and topics covered. We used the chi square test and some of its corrections for the analysis. Results: Theses were graded as excellent (0%), acceptable (20,3%), and non- acceptable (79,7%). We found theses were appropriate (79,7%). Most sections of all theses, except the investigational questions, were considered as 'non-acceptable'. Methodology deficiencies were mostly related with the following factors (pilot studies (92,4%), references (77,9%), measuring instruments (74,4%), study units (68,6%), and variable operationalization (59,3%). No relationships were found when variables were associated, except when comparing theses during the 2008-2009 period with respect to previous years, and some improvement was found (p<0,05). Conclusions: One of every five theses was graded as acceptable, and the formulation of the problem to be investigated was the best developed section. There were improvements in quality of theses during the last two years of the study period.

Investments on Pro-poor Development Projects on Goats: Ensuring Success for Improved Livelihoods.

The elements that determine the success of development projects on goats and the prerequisites for ensuring this are discussed in the context of the bewildering diversity of goat genetic resources, production systems, multifunctionality, and opportunities for responding to constraints for productivity enhancement. Key determinants for the success of pro-poor projects are the imperatives of realistic project design, resolution of priorities and positive impacts to increase investments and spur agricultural growth, and appropriate policy. Throughout the developing world, there exist 97% of the total world population of 921 million goats across all agro-ecological zones (AEZs), including 570 breeds and 64% share of the breeds. They occupy a very important biological and socio-economic niche in farming systems making significant multifunctional contributions especially to food, nutrition and financial security, stability of farm households, and survival of the poor in the rural areas. Definitions are given of successful and failed projects. The analyses highlighted in successful projects the value of strong participatory efforts with farmers and climate change. Climate change effects on goats are inevitable and are mediated through heat stress, type of AEZ, water availability, quantity and quality of the available feed resources and type of production system. Within the prevailing production systems, improved integrated tree crops - ruminant systems are underestimated and are an important pathway to enhance C sequestration. Key development strategies and opportunities for research and development (R and D) are enormous, and include inter alia defining a policy framework, resolution of priority constraints using systems perspectives and community-based participatory activities, application of yield-enhancing technologies, intensification, scaling up, and impacts. The priority for development concerns the rainfed areas with large concentrations of ruminants in which goats, with a capacity to cope with heat tolerance, can be the entry point for development. Networks and networking are very important for the diffusion of information and can add value to R and D. Well formulated projects with clear priority setting and participatory R and D ensure success and the realisation of food security, improved livelihoods and self-reliance in the future.

Return on Scientific Investment - RoSI: a PMO dynamical index proposal for scientific projects performance evaluation and management / Retorno sobre o Investimento Científico - RoSI: uma proposta de índice dinâmico PMO para avaliação de desempenho e gestão de projetos científicos

Objective: To propose a measure (index) of expected risks to evaluate and follow up the performance analysis of research projects involving financial and adequate structure parameters for its development. Methods: A ranking of acceptable results regarding research projects with complex variables was used as an index to gauge a project performance. In order to implement this method the ulcer index as the basic model to accommodate the following variables was applied: costs, high impact publication, fund raising, and patent registry. The proposed structured analysis, named here as RoSI (Return on Scientific Investment) comprises a pipeline of analysis to characterize the risk based on a modeling tool that comprises multiple variables interacting in semi-quantitatively environments. Results: This method was tested with data from three different projects in our Institution (projects A, B and C). Different curves reflected the ulcer indexes identifying the project that may have a minor risk (project C) related to development and expected results according to initial or full investment. Conclusion: The results showed that this model contributes significantly to the analysis of risk and planning as well as to the definition of necessary investments that consider contingency actions with benefits to the different stakeholders: the investor or donor, the project manager and the researchers.

Objetivos: Propor um novo índice adaptado de riscos esperados para avaliar, planejar e acompanhar projetos de pesquisa que dependem de financiamento e estrutura adequada para o seu desenvolvimento. Métodos: Uma grade de resultados aceitáveis em relação aos projetos de pesquisa com variáveis complexas foi aplicada como índice para mensurar o desempenho dos projetos. Para sua implementação foram utilizados o índice de ulcer como medida básica para acomodar as seguintes variáveis: custos, fator de impacto de publicação, levantamento de fundos e registro de patentes. Obteve-se uma ferramenta de modelagem aqui denominada "Retorno sobre Investimento Científico" (RoSI) que permitiu mensurar e acompanhar projetos de modo analítico, levando-se em conta o conjunto dos resultados esperados, as respectivas variáveis e suas interações analisadas num ambiente virtual semi-quantitativo. Resultados: O modelo foi testado para avaliação de três projetos da Instituição (projetos A, B, e C). Diferentes curvas refletem os índices de ulcer identificando o projeto de menor risco (projeto C) relacionado ao desenvolvimento e resultados esperados de acordo com o investimento inicial ou total considerado. Conclusão: O modelo contribuiu tanto para a quantificação dos riscos e planejamento, quanto para a definição de investimentos necessários que contemplem ações de contingência, beneficiando os diferentes stakeholders envolvidos: o financiador (investidor ou doador), o gestor e os pesquisadores.